China lashed out at a $52 billion program to expand American chipmaking, saying the landmark blueprint contains elements that violate fair market principles and targets Beijing’s own efforts to build a semiconductor industry.
The U.S. Chips Act, signed into law this month and part of an overall package of incentives worth in excess of $200 billion, is intended to give China’s rivals a helping hand, said Yu Xiekang, vice chairman of the China Semiconductor Industry Association. Without elaborating, parts of the act clearly discriminate towards Asia.
A clause in the U.S. legislation prohibits funding companies to increase production of advanced Chinese chips. Yu’s comments mirror accusations from Washington that the Chinese government uses subsidies and other less-tangible policy measures to propel the growth of local players such as Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. and Yangtze Memory Technologies Co.
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“We resolutely oppose the U.S.’s restrictive actions targeting certain countries,” Yu told delegates to an industry conference in Nanjing. “It contains essentially discriminatory clauses in market competition and creates an unfair playing field, which goes against the WTO’s fair-trade principles.”
The U.S. has in past years ramped up a campaign to try and contain China’s chipmaking ambitions — a source of increasing frustration to Beijing. Washington is slapping ever-tighter restrictions on the country’s firms, increasingly limiting the kind of chipmaking equipment that American companies can export to Chinese customers, while enlisting allied countries so that key suppliers like the Netherlands’ ASML Holding NV and Japan’s Nikon Corp. join a technology blockade.
China should continue providing policy support to its semiconductor industry to resolve “chokepoints”, or bottlenecks that stymie technological breakthroughs, Yu said.
It can boast some successes in its efforts. SMIC has likely advanced its production technology by two generations despite U.S. sanctions — though industry experts say that may be overstated. Through Yangtze Memory Technologies Inc. and Changxin Memory Technologies Inc., the country has seen a dramatic increase in memory chip capacities.
Sales by the domestic chip sector — the world’s largest — grew 18% in 2021, though that’s expected to slow to 15% this year as the economic slowdown and Covid lockdowns curtail demand, Yu added.
“We could enter a new structural adjustment period,” warned Ma Weiqing, vice president of China Resources Microelectronics Ltd. Shipments have begun to decline from June, potentially signaling a peak, he told the Nanjing delegates.
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China’s top leadership has grown increasingly frustrated with a years-long failure to develop semiconductors that can replace U.S. circuitry, despite allocating more than $100 billion to the sector in past years. The Nanjing forum marked the industry’s first major official gathering since Beijing initiated a series of investigations into potential graft within the industry.
Critics of Beijing’s top-down policies have pointed out the enormous inefficiency that can result from freely doling out subsidies. Local media reported on companies that had little experience in winning grants or incentives for research. Local interests with powerful connections have pursued public money in the hopes of winning subsidies or political prominence.
The U.S. Chips Act only brings more uncertainty to the entire industry and China needs to counter that effort, said Hu Wenlong, vice president of Tongfu Microelectronics Co., one of China’s largest chip packaging companies.
“In the face of emerging challenges, the government, companies, finance, investment firms and colleges should work together more closely” for technology breakthroughs, he told the conference.
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